When is it permissible to operate an aircraft over a congested area at lower altitudes?

Operating an aircraft over a congested area at lower altitudes is permissible primarily during departure and arrival phases of flight. This is because these phases often require lower altitudes for takeoff and landing, which are necessary to ensure a safe operation of the aircraft while maintaining access to the airport environment. The regulations allow for these lower altitude operations as long as the aircraft is in a controlled descent or ascent, which is typical during takeoff and landing maneuvers.

In contrast, other situations such as emergencies or training exercises would typically require a higher degree of caution and planning, as operating at lower altitudes in those contexts might present unnecessary risks. While emergencies might justify lower altitude operations out of necessity, such situations are not routinely permitted under normal operational procedures. Similarly, conducting training exercises over congested areas would also be heavily regulated to minimize risks to people on the ground. Lastly, operating at lower altitudes for navigation purposes is restricted to maintain safety and avoid conflicts with other airspace users, especially in areas populated with structures and people.