The primary means of navigation during Visual Navigation flights includes which two components?

The correct response identifies "Dead Reckoning" and "Pilotage" as the primary means of navigation during Visual Navigation (VNAV) flights.

Dead Reckoning involves calculating a current position by using a previously determined position, along with data regarding speed, time, and direction of travel. This method relies heavily on the pilot's ability to maintain awareness of their heading and speed to estimate their current location.

Pilotage complements this by using visual references on the ground, such as roads, rivers, and landmarks. Pilots actively identify these features on visual maps or charts to ensure accurate navigation. This method is especially effective in visual flight conditions, as it combines the use of visual landmarks with systematic calculations from dead reckoning.

Both components are essential for effective navigation in visual conditions where the pilot can see and identify features on the ground, making them the fundamental skills needed to navigate without reliance on instruments or electronic systems alone.