How do pilots typically monitor VNAV guidance?

Monitoring VNAV guidance is primarily achieved through the vertical speed indicator and altitude display because these instruments provide essential information about the aircraft's current vertical position and rate of ascent or descent. The vertical speed indicator shows whether the aircraft is climbing or descending and at what rate, which is crucial for following the VNAV profile accurately.

The altitude display provides real-time information on the aircraft's altitude, allowing pilots to ensure that they are adhering to the planned vertical navigation path. By using these instruments, pilots can determine whether they are on track with the VNAV profile, making adjustments as necessary to maintain the intended altitude and vertical speed.

While other options provide valuable information or support for safe flight management, they do not specifically focus on monitoring VNAV guidance in the same way as the vertical speed indicator and altitude display. For instance, the autopilot display shows the flight path but is more broad than just VNAV; engine performance gauges relate to the aircraft’s mechanical status; and while air traffic control is important for communication, it does not directly aid in monitoring VNAV guidance.